Vectors

Vectors describe movement with both size and direction. This makes them useful for journeys, forces, translations, and position on a grid. A vector answer is incomplete if it gives only a length or only a direction.

In the CSEC optional Vectors and Matrices section, vector questions often test whether you can combine movements and interpret the result. Draw arrows when possible, keep direction in mind, and explain whether the vector represents a position from the origin or a displacement from one point to another.

What is a Vector?¶

A vector has two properties:

1. Magnitude (size/length): How large is it?
2. Direction: Which way does it point?

Contrast with Scalar: A scalar is just a number (no direction). Examples: temperature, mass, distance.

Vector Notation¶

Vectors can be represented in multiple ways:

1. Column Matrix (Most Common) $\vec{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}$

This means: 3 units right, 4 units up.

2. Row Matrix $\vec{v} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}$

3. Component Form $\vec{v} = (3, 4)$

4. i-j Notation (used in physics) $\vec{v} = 3\mathbf{i} + 4\mathbf{j}$

Position and Displacement Vectors¶

Position Vector of point $P(3, 4)$: The vector from origin to $P$ $\vec{OP} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}$

Displacement Vector from $A$ to $B$: Tells you how to get from $A$ to $B$ $\vec{AB} = \begin{pmatrix} x_B - x_A \\ y_B - y_A \end{pmatrix}$

Magnitude of a Vector¶

Formula: For $\vec{v} = \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix}$

$|\vec{v}| = \sqrt{x^2 + y^2}$

This is essentially Pythagoras' theorem!

Unit Vectors¶

A unit vector has magnitude 1. It shows pure direction.

To find a unit vector in the direction of $\vec{v}$: $\hat{v} = \frac{\vec{v}}{|\vec{v}|}$

(Divide the vector by its magnitude)

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Part 2: Vector Operations¶

Addition and Subtraction¶

Addition: Add corresponding components

$\begin{pmatrix} a \\ b \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} c \\ d \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a + c \\ b + d \end{pmatrix}$

Subtraction: Subtract corresponding components

$\begin{pmatrix} a \\ b \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} c \\ d \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a - c \\ b - d \end{pmatrix}$

Geometric Meaning: Place vectors head-to-tail; the sum points from start to end.

ANIMATION: Vector addition
- Show two vectors placed tail-to-tail
- Arrow from first vector's tail
- Arrow from second vector's tail
- Draw parallelogram
- Show resultant vector as diagonal
- Triangle method: place head-to-tail, resultant from start to end

Scalar Multiplication¶

Definition: Multiply a vector by a number (scalar)

$k \begin{pmatrix} x \\ y \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} kx \\ ky \end{pmatrix}$

Effect:

• If $k > 1$: Vector gets longer (magnified)
• If $0 < k < 1$: Vector gets shorter
• If $k < 0$: Vector reverses direction
• If $k = -1$: Vector points opposite direction (same length)

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Part 3: Vectors in Modelling and Problem-Solving¶

Real-World Application: Navigation¶

Problem: A plane wants to fly north with velocity 500 km/h, but there's a wind blowing east at 100 km/h. What is the actual velocity?

Solution:

Velocity of plane: $\vec{v_p} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 500 \end{pmatrix}$ (north)

Velocity of wind: $\vec{v_w} = \begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$ (east)

Actual velocity: $\vec{v_a} = \vec{v_p} + \vec{v_w} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 500 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 100 \\ 500 \end{pmatrix}$

Actual direction: Magnitude = $\sqrt{100^2 + 500^2} = \sqrt{260000} \approx 509.9$ km/h

Direction: $\theta = \tan^{-1}\left(\frac{100}{500}\right) \approx 11.3\u00b0$ east of north

Real-World Application: Forces¶

Problem: Two forces act on an object:

• Force 1: $\vec{F_1} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix}$ N
• Force 2: $\vec{F_2} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix}$ N

Find the resultant force.

Solution:

$\vec{F_{resultant}} = \vec{F_1} + \vec{F_2} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix} \text{ N}$

Magnitude: $|\vec{F}| = \sqrt{16 + 36} = \sqrt{52} \approx 7.21$ N